Discover the transformative power of Tantric healing, an ancient holistic practice from the Indian subcontinent. Experience deep relaxation and connection with expert practitioners. Find Tantric Near Me services offering personalized healing and spiritual growth sessions.. Explore its principles to enhance self-awareness, healing, and relationships. Tantric healing is an ancient practice that has intrigued many for centuries. It’s a holistic approach that focuses on the mind, body, and spirit. Originating from the Indian subcontinent, Tantra is often misunderstood. It’s not just about physical intimacy; it’s a spiritual journey. This journey aims to connect individuals with their inner selves and the universe. By understanding Tantra, one can unlock a deeper sense of self-awareness and fulfillment. This practice is not limited to any one belief system. It’s a universal path that can benefit anyone willing to explore its depths. Whether you’re seeking personal growth, healing, or enhanced relationships, Tantra offers a unique perspective. It encourages mindfulness, presence, and a deeper connection with oneself and others. As you delve into the world of Tantra, you’ll discover its transformative power. This guide will help you understand its principles, practices, and benefits.
Tantric healing is a holistic approach that integrates the mind, body, and spirit. It’s rooted in ancient traditions that focus on energy flow and balance. This practice aims to release emotional blockages and promote overall well-being. By engaging in Tantric healing, individuals can experience a profound sense of peace and clarity. It’s about connecting with your inner self and the universe. The benefits of Tantric healing are vast. It can enhance self-awareness and promote emotional healing. Many find that it helps reduce stress and anxiety. It encourages a deeper understanding of oneself and others. This practice can also improve physical health by promoting relaxation and reducing tension. It’s a journey of self-discovery and empowerment. Tantric healing is not just for those seeking spiritual enlightenment. It’s for anyone looking to improve their quality of life. Whether you’re dealing with emotional pain or seeking personal growth, Tantra offers a path to healing. It’s about embracing your true self and finding harmony within. By exploring Tantric healing, you open yourself to a world of possibilities. It’s a transformative experience that can lead to lasting change.
Tantric practices are diverse and encompass various techniques. Each practice offers unique benefits and experiences. One common practice is meditation, which focuses on mindfulness and presence. It helps individuals connect with their inner selves and achieve mental clarity. Breathing exercises are also integral to Tantra. They promote relaxation and energy flow. Mantras are another key aspect of Tantric practices. These are sacred sounds or phrases repeated to aid concentration and spiritual growth. Chanting mantras can create a sense of peace and focus. Visualization techniques are also used in Tantra. They involve imagining specific images or scenarios to enhance spiritual awareness. Tantric yoga is a physical practice that combines movement with meditation. It aims to align the body’s energy centers and promote balance. This form of yoga is gentle yet powerful, focusing on breath and intention. Rituals and ceremonies are also part of Tantric practices. They often involve symbolic actions to honor spiritual beliefs. Each Tantric practice offers a unique path to self-discovery. They can be practiced individually or in combination. The key is to find what resonates with you. By exploring different practices, you can tailor your Tantric journey to suit your needs. It’s about finding balance and harmony in your life.
Finding a qualified Tantric practitioner is crucial for a safe and effective experience. Start by researching practitioners in your area. Look for those with reputable credentials and experience. It’s important to find someone who aligns with your values and goals. Personal recommendations can be valuable, so ask friends or online communities for suggestions. When evaluating a practitioner, consider their training and background. A qualified practitioner should have a deep understanding of Tantric principles. They should also have experience guiding others on their Tantric journey. Look for reviews or testimonials from previous clients. This can provide insight into their approach and effectiveness. It’s essential to feel comfortable with your practitioner. Schedule a consultation to discuss your goals and expectations. This is an opportunity to ask questions and gauge their expertise. A good practitioner will listen to your needs and provide guidance tailored to you. Trust your instincts and choose someone you feel at ease with. Finding the right practitioner can enhance your Tantric experience. Sacred sexuality It’s about building a trusting relationship and feeling supported on your journey. Take your time to find someone who resonates with you. A qualified practitioner can guide you toward personal growth and healing. They can help you unlock the transformative power of Tantra.
Tantra is a complex spiritual tradition with diverse principles. At its core, it’s about achieving balance and harmony. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of all things. Tantra teaches that the physical and spiritual worlds are intertwined. This holistic approach encourages individuals to embrace their true selves. One key principle of Tantra is the flow of energy. It’s believed that energy flows through the body’s chakras or energy centers. When these are balanced, individuals experience well-being and clarity. Tantra also emphasizes mindfulness and presence. It encourages living in the moment and being aware of one’s thoughts and actions. Local variations of Tantra exist around the world. These adaptations reflect cultural influences and beliefs. For example, Tibetan Tantra incorporates Buddhist principles. It focuses on compassion and enlightenment. In contrast, Hindu Tantra emphasizes rituals and deities. Each variation offers unique insights and practices. Understanding these principles can enhance your Tantric journey. It’s about finding what resonates with you and your beliefs. By exploring different variations, you can tailor your practice to suit your needs. Tantra is a personal journey of self-discovery and growth. Embrace its principles and unlock its transformative power.
A Tantric session is a unique experience tailored to individual needs. It typically begins with a discussion of goals and intentions. This helps the practitioner understand your expectations and tailor the session accordingly. Communication is key to ensuring a comfortable and effective experience. The session may involve various practices such as meditation, breathing exercises, or visualization. These techniques aim to promote relaxation and energy flow. The practitioner may guide you through these exercises, offering support and guidance. It’s about creating a safe and nurturing environment. Physical touch may be part of a Tantric session, but it’s always consensual and respectful. The focus is on energy flow and connection, not physical intimacy. Boundaries are respected, and the practitioner will ensure your comfort at all times. It’s important to communicate any concerns or preferences. A Tantric session is a journey of self-discovery and healing. It’s about connecting with your inner self and the universe. You may experience a range of emotions and sensations. This is a normal part of the process. Trust in the practitioner and the experience. A Tantric session can be transformative and empowering.
Meditation is a cornerstone of Tantric practices. It’s a tool for achieving mindfulness and presence. Through meditation, individuals can connect with their inner selves and the universe. It promotes mental clarity and emotional balance. This practice is about quieting the mind and focusing on the present moment. In Tantra, meditation is often combined with other techniques. Breathing exercises and visualization are common complements. These practices enhance the meditative experience and promote energy flow. They help individuals achieve a deeper state of relaxation and awareness. Meditation is a journey of self-discovery and growth. The benefits of meditation in Tantra are vast. It can reduce stress and anxiety, promoting overall well-being. It encourages self-awareness and emotional healing. Through meditation, individuals can gain insight into their thoughts and behaviors. This practice fosters a deeper understanding of oneself and others. Meditation is accessible to everyone, regardless of experience. It can be practiced individually or with guidance. The key is to find a technique that resonates with you.
Tantric practices offer a unique approach to enhancing intimacy and relationships. They focus on connection and presence.
Local Tantric workshops and retreats offer an immersive experience. They provide an opportunity to explore Tantra in a supportive environment. These events are often led by experienced practitioners. They offer guidance and support on your Tantric journey. Workshops typically focus on specific aspects of Tantra. They may include meditation, yoga, or breathing exercises. These sessions are designed to enhance your understanding and practice of Tantra. They offer a chance to learn new techniques and deepen your experience. Retreats provide a more intensive experience. They often take place in serene settings, away from daily distractions. This allows for a deeper connection with oneself and the practice. Retreats may include group activities and individual sessions. They offer a holistic approach to Tantric exploration. When considering a workshop or retreat, research the facilitators and their credentials. Look for events that align with your goals and interests. It’s important to feel comfortable and supported. These experiences can be transformative and empowering. They offer a chance to connect with like-minded individuals and deepen your Tantric journey.
Tantra and yoga share a deep connection. Both practices focus on the mind, body, and spirit. They aim to achieve balance and harmony. Yoga is often incorporated into Tantric practices. It enhances the physical and spiritual aspects of the journey. Tantric yoga is a unique form of yoga. It combines movement with meditation and breathwork. This practice focuses on aligning the body’s energy centers. It promotes relaxation and energy flow. Tantric yoga is gentle yet powerful, emphasizing intention and presence. The principles of Tantra and yoga are intertwined. Both emphasize mindfulness and self-awareness. They encourage individuals to connect with their inner selves and the universe. These practices foster a deeper understanding of oneself and others. By incorporating yoga into your Tantric journey, you can enhance its transformative power. It’s about finding balance and harmony within. Yoga offers a physical and spiritual path to self-discovery. It complements the principles of Tantra and enriches the experience. Together, they offer a holistic approach to personal growth and healing.
Tantra is often misunderstood. Many misconceptions surround this ancient practice. One common myth is that Tantra is solely about physical intimacy. In reality, it’s a spiritual journey. It focuses on the mind, body, and spirit. It’s about achieving balance and harmony. Another misconception is that Tantra is exclusive to certain beliefs. In truth, it’s a universal path. It can benefit anyone willing to explore its depths. Tantra is not limited to any one tradition or culture. It’s a holistic approach to personal growth and healing. Some believe that Tantra is complex and inaccessible. While it has deep roots, its principles are simple. It’s about mindfulness, presence, and connection. Anyone can practice Tantra, regardless of experience.
Tantra is a journey of self-discovery and growth. It offers a holistic approach to personal development. By embracing its principles, you can achieve balance and harmony. Tantra is not just about physical practices. It’s a spiritual path that connects the mind, body, and spirit. Exploring Tantra can lead to profound transformation. It enhances self-awareness and promotes emotional healing. It fosters deeper connections with oneself and others. Whether you’re seeking personal growth or enhanced relationships, Tantra offers a unique perspective. This journey is accessible to everyone. It’s about finding what resonates with you. By exploring different practices and principles, you can tailor your Tantric experience. It’s a path to empowerment and fulfillment. Embrace the transformative power of Tantra and unlock a world of possibilities.
Sophia Shekinah Tantric Therapy
Massage therapist in Koedijk, Netherlands
Address: Kerkelaan 5, 1831 BJ Koedijk, Netherlands
Phone: +31 6 87292364
Hours: Open ⋅ Closes 6 pm
Province: North Holland
https://www.google.com/search?hl=en-NG&gl=ng&q=Sophia+Shekinah+Tantric+Therapy,+Kerkelaan+5,+1831+BJ+Koedijk,+Netherlands&ludocid=10087039043046640315&lsig=AB86z5VFLxJlBc9aO-55LnEFIJ4i#lrd=0x47cf57effad5a99b:0x8bfc5c90f44a8abb,1
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipMctkopjgRyGJqohA2POCzIeDVg4c0PKcb-r0JM=s680-w680-h510-rw
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| Entity | Description | Link |
| Tantric massage | A type of erotic massage technique that incorporates aspects of Tantra, aiming to awaken sensual energy. | Tantric massage |
| Tantric healing | A holistic approach using tantric principles to release blocked energy and promote emotional, physical, and spiritual well-being. | Tantra |
| Tantra therapy | A therapeutic modality rooted in Tantra that combines breathwork, energy work, and conscious touch. | Tantra |
| Sacred sexuality | A spiritual approach to sex where sexual energy is used for healing, consciousness, and connection. | Sacred sexuality |
| Energy healing | A form of alternative medicine that aims to balance the body’s energy fields to improve health. | Energy medicine |
| Noord Holland tantra | Refers to Tantra practices or services available in the Noord Holland region of the Netherlands. | North Holland |
| Kundalini awakening | A spiritual awakening process in which dormant energy at the base of the spine is activated and rises through the chakras. | Kundalini |
| Chakra balancing | The practice of aligning and opening the body's seven main chakras to support holistic wellness. | Chakra |
| Spiritual intimacy | Deep emotional and spiritual connection developed through mindfulness and conscious relationships. | Intimacy |
| Neo tantra | A modern Western interpretation of traditional Tantra, often emphasizing sexuality and personal development. | Neotantra |
| Tantra Noord Holland | Tantra services, workshops, and practitioners located in North Holland. | North Holland |
| Tantric coach | A practitioner who guides individuals or couples in tantric practices for healing or personal growth. | Life coach |
| Yoni massage | A sacred sensual massage of the female genitalia rooted in Tantric traditions. | Yoni |
| Lingam massage | A form of tantric massage that focuses on the male genitalia for healing and energetic awakening. | Lingam (Sanskrit) |
| Holistic massage | A therapeutic massage that addresses the body, mind, and spirit to promote overall balance and healing. | Massage |
| Mind-body connection | The concept that physical health is directly influenced by emotional and mental well-being. | Mind–body interventions |
| Tantra retreat | An immersive experience or workshop focused on learning and practicing Tantra, often in a spiritual or natural setting. | Retreat (spiritual) |
| Tantric workshop | A structured event or series of classes where individuals learn about and practice tantric techniques. | Workshop |
| Conscious touch | A mindful and intentional form of touch used in healing and connection practices like Tantra. | Touch (sociological) |
| Intimacy coaching | Guidance and strategies provided by professionals to help individuals or couples enhance emotional and sexual intimacy. | Coaching |
| Tantric practitioner | A person trained in the philosophies and techniques of Tantra, offering sessions or teachings to clients. | Tantra |
| Tantra Amsterdam | Tantra services and communities located in the city of Amsterdam. | Amsterdam |
| Breathwork sessions | Guided breathing exercises used for relaxation, emotional release, and spiritual awakening. | Breathwork |
| Sexual healing | A process of healing physical or emotional wounds related to sexuality using holistic or therapeutic approaches. | Sex therapy |
| Emotional release therapy | Techniques used to help individuals let go of suppressed emotions for psychological healing. | |
| Bodywork therapy | A broad range of therapeutic practices involving touch and movement to improve physical and emotional well-being. | |
| Energy alignment | The process of harmonizing the body's energy centers or chakras for wellness and spiritual clarity. | Energy medicine |
| Tantric rituals | Ceremonial or meditative practices in Tantra to invoke divine energy, often involving mantra, meditation, and touch. | Tantra |
| Tantra couple sessions | Private sessions for couples that teach or practice tantric techniques to build connection and intimacy. | Couples therapy |
| Somatic healing | A body-centered therapy focusing on the connection between the mind and body to release trauma. | Somatics |
| Alternative healing | Healing practices that fall outside mainstream medical systems, including energy work, herbal remedies, and spiritual healing. | Alternative medicine |
| Erotic massage | A sensual massage intended to stimulate arousal, often considered part of adult or tantric services. | Erotic massage |
| Tantric meditation | Meditative practices rooted in Tantric traditions aimed at awakening inner energy and deepening spiritual awareness. | Tantra techniques |
| Healing arts | A broad term encompassing various holistic healing practices including massage, energy work, and spiritual therapies. | Healing arts |
| Relationship coaching | A service provided to individuals or couples to improve relationships, communication, and intimacy. | Relationship counseling |
| Tantric energy flow | The movement of life-force energy (often referred to as kundalini) throughout the body as practiced in Tantra. | Kundalini |
| Sacred touch | A form of intentional, respectful touch often used in healing and tantric contexts. | Haptic communication |
| Holistic wellness | A wellness approach that considers the physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects of health. | |
| Tantra session Netherlands | Refers to individual or group tantra sessions held within the Netherlands. | Netherlands |
| Sexual wellness coach | A professional who helps individuals improve their sexual health, intimacy, and self-awareness. | Sex therapist |
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Sophia Shekinah Tantric Therapy
Massage therapist in Koedijk, Netherlands
Address: Kerkelaan 5, 1831 BJ Koedijk, Netherlands
Phone: +31 6 87292364
Hours: Open ⋅ Closes 6 pm
Province: North Holland
https://www.google.com/search?hl=en-NG&gl=ng&q=Sophia+Shekinah+Tantric+Therapy,+Kerkelaan+5,+1831+BJ+Koedijk,+Netherlands&ludocid=10087039043046640315&lsig=AB86z5VFLxJlBc9aO-55LnEFIJ4i#lrd=0x47cf57effad5a99b:0x8bfc5c90f44a8abb,1
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipMctkopjgRyGJqohA2POCzIeDVg4c0PKcb-r0JM=s680-w680-h510-rw
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Massage (disambiguation).
"Full body massage" redirects here. For the film, see Full Body Massage.
"Backrub" redirects here. For the company formerly named BackRub, see Google.
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Massage (video)
Massage is the rubbing or kneading of the body's soft tissues.[1] Massage techniques are commonly applied with hands, fingers, elbows, knees, forearms, feet, or a device.[2][3] The purpose of massage is generally for the treatment of body stress or pain.[4][5][6] In English-speaking European countries, a person professionally trained to give massages is traditionally known as a masseur (male) or masseuse (female). In the United States, these individuals are often referred to as "massage therapists".[7] In some provinces of Canada, they are called "registered massage therapists."[8][9]
In professional settings, clients are treated while lying on a massage table, sitting in a massage chair, or lying on a mat on the floor.[10] There are many different modalities in the massage industry, including (but not limited to): deep tissue, manual lymphatic drainage, medical, sports, structural integration, Swedish, Thai and trigger point.[11]
Etymology[edit]
The word comes from the French massage 'friction of kneading',[12] which, in turn, comes either from the Arabic word مَسَّ massa meaning 'to touch, feel',[13] the Portuguese amassar 'knead', from the Latin massa meaning 'mass, dough',[14] or the Greek verb μάσσω (massō) 'to handle, touch, to work with the hands, to knead dough'.[15]
The ancient Greek word for massage was anatripsis[16][17] and the Latin was frictio.[18][17]
History[edit]
Drawings of acupressure points on Sen lines at Wat Pho temple in Thailand
Ancient times[edit]
Archaeological evidence of massage has been found in many ancient civilizations including China, India, Japan, Egypt, Rome, Greece, and Mesopotamia.
2330 BC: The Tomb of Akmanthor[19] (also known as "The Tomb of the Physician") in Saqqara, Egypt, depicts two men having work done on their feet and hands, possibly depicting a massage.[20]
Akmanthor
1363–912 BC: The word muššuʾu ("massage") is written for the first time on a Middle Assyrian tablet. Its use is described in a list of recipes concerning diseases of the foot.[21]
722–481 BC: Huangdi Neijing is composed during the Chinese Spring and Autumn period. The Nei-jing is a compilation of medical knowledge known up to that date, and is the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine. Massage is referred to in 30 different chapters of the Nei Jing. It specifies the use of different massage techniques and how they should be used in the treatment of specific ailments, and injuries. Also known as "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon," the text refers to previous medical knowledge from the time of the Yellow Emperor (c. 2700 BC), misleading some into believing the text itself was written during the time of the Yellow Emperor (which would predate written history).[22][23][24][25]
762 BC: In the Iliad and the Odyssey, massage with oils and aromatic substances is mentioned as a means to relax the tired limbs of warriors and as a way to help the treatment of wounds.[18]
700 BC: Bian Que, the earliest known Chinese physician, uses massage in medical practice.[26]
500 BC: Jīvaka Komarabhācca was an Indian physician who according to the Pāli Buddhist Canon was Shakyamuni Buddha's physician. Jivaka is sometimes credited with founding and developing a style of massage that led to the type of massage practiced in modern Thailand. Though this claim is disputed.
493 BC: A possible biblical reference documents daily "treatments" with oil of myrrh as a part of the beauty regimen of the wives of Xerxes (Esther, 2:12).[27]
460 BC: Hippocrates wrote "The physician must be experienced in many things, but assuredly in rubbing."[28]
300 BC: Charaka Samhita, sometimes dated to 800 BCE, is one of the oldest of the three ancient treatises of Ayurvedic medicine, including massage. Sanskrit records indicate that massage had been practiced in India long before the beginning of recorded history.[29]
AD 1st or 2nd: Galen mentioned Diogas (Διόγας) who was an iatralipta (ἰατραλείπτης) (rubber and anointer/physiotherapist).[30]
AD 581: China establishes a department of massage therapy within the Office of Imperial Physicians.
Middle Ages[edit]
One of the greatest Persian medics was Avicenna, also known as Ibn Sina, who lived from 980 AD to 1037 AD. His works included a comprehensive collection and systematization of the fragmentary and unorganized Greco-Roman medical literature that had been translated Arabic by that time, augmented by notes from his own experiences. One of his books, Al-Qānūn fī aṭ-Ṭibb (The Canon of Medicine) has been called the most famous single book in the history of medicine in both East and West. Avicenna excelled in the logical assessment of conditions and comparison of symptoms and took special note of analgesics and their proper use as well as other methods of relieving pain, including massage.
AD 1150: Evidence of massage abortion, involving the application of pressure to the pregnant abdomen, can be found in one of the bas reliefs decorating the temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia. It depicts a demon performing such an abortion upon a woman who has been sent to the underworld. This is the oldest known visual representation of abortion.[31]
In Southeast Asia, massage traditions and techniques have already been entrenched in the people's diverse cultures for centuries before trade contact with Europe in the 16th century. In the Philippines, a distinct massage and healing tradition called hilot developed,[32][33][34] while in Thailand, the tradition of massage that developed was called nuad thai. Nuad thai was declared in 2019 as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage.[35]
18th and 19th centuries[edit]
AD 1776: Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and Pierre-Martial Cibot, French missionaries in China translate summaries of Huangdi Neijing, including a list of medical plants, exercises, and elaborate massage techniques, into the French language, thereby introducing Europe to the highly developed Chinese system of medicine, medical-gymnastics, and medical-massage.[25]
AD 1776: Pehr Henrik Ling, a Swedish physical therapist and teacher of medical-gymnastics, is born. Ling has often been erroneously credited for having invented "Classic Massage", also known as "Swedish Massage", and has been called the "Father of Massage".[36][37][why?]
AD 1779: Frenchman Pierre-Martial Cibot publishes "Notice du Cong-fou des Bonzes Tao-see", also known as "The Cong-Fou of the Tao-Tse", a French language summary of medical techniques used by Taoist priests. According to English historian of China Joseph Needham, Cibot's work "was intended to present the physicists and physicians of Europe with a sketch of a system of medical gymnastics which they might like to adopt—or if they found it at fault they might be stimulated to invent something better. This work has long been regarded as of cardinal importance in the history of physiotherapy because it almost certainly influenced the Swedish founder of the modern phase of the art, Pehr Hendrik Ling. Cibot had studied at least one Chinese book but also got much from a Christian neophyte who had become expert in the subject before his conversion."[38]
AD 1813: The Royal Gymnastic Central Institute for the training of gymnastic instructors was opened in Stockholm, Sweden, with Pehr Henrik Ling appointed as principal. Ling developed what he called the "Swedish Movement Cure". Ling died in 1839, having previously named his pupils as the repositories of his teaching. Ling and his assistants left a little proper written account of their methods.[25][39][40]
AD 1868: Dutch massage practitioner Johan Georg Mezger applies French terms to name five basic massage techniques,[36] and coins the phrase "Swedish massage system". These techniques are still known by their French names (effleurage (long, gliding strokes), petrissage (lifting and kneading the muscles), friction (firm, deep, circular rubbing movements), tapotement (brisk tapping or percussive movements) and vibration (rapidly shaking or vibrating specific muscles)).
Modern times[edit]
China[edit]
Massage room in Shanghai, China
As of 2005, with the city of Shanghai alone there were an estimated 1,300–2,000 foot massage centers, with more than 3,000 in Shenzhen. It was also estimated that there were nearly 30,000 massage workers in Shanghai and over 40,000 in Shenzhen.[41] The average rate of pay for a worker in the massage industry in China is over 10,000 yuan per month, making them a well-paying job in China's service sector.[42]
United States[edit]
Massage started to become popular in the United States in the middle part of the 19th century[27] and was introduced by two New York physicians, George and Charles Taylor, based on Pehr Henrik Ling's techniques developed in Sweden.[43][44]
During the 1930s and 1940s, massage's influence decreased as a result of medical advancements of the time, while in the 1970s massage's influence grew once again with a notable rise among athletes.[27] Until the 1970s, nurses used massage to reduce pain and aid sleep.[45] Popular books and videos, such as Massage for Relaxation, helped introduce massage to popular culture outside of a health setting. The massage therapy industry is continuously increasing. In 2009, U.S. consumers spent between $4 and $6 billion on visits to massage therapists.[46] In 2015, research estimates that massage therapy was a $12.1 billion industry.[47]
All but five states require massage therapists to be licensed, and licensure requires the applicant to receive training at an accredited school, and to pass a comprehensive exam. Those states that require licensure also typically require continuing education in massage techniques and in ethics.[48]
United Kingdom[edit]
The service of massage or "physiological shampooing" was advertised in The Times from as early as 1880. Adverts claimed it as a cure for obesity amongst other chronic ailments.[49]
Sports, business and organizations[edit]
Marathon runners receiving massages at the 2004 ING Taipei International Marathon
Massage developed alongside athletics in both Ancient China and Ancient Greece. Taoist priests developed massage in concert with their Kung Fu gymnastic movements, while Ancient Greek Olympians used a specific type of trainer ("aleiptes")[50] who would rub their muscles with oil. Pehr Ling's introduction to massage also came about directly as a result of his study of gymnastic movements.
The 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles was the first time that massage therapy was televised as it was being performed on the athletes. And then, during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta massage therapy was finally offered as a core medical service to the US Olympic Team.[51] Massage has been employed by businesses and organizations such as the U.S. Department of Justice, Boeing and Reebok.[52] Athletes such as Michael Jordan and LeBron James have personal massage therapists that at times even travel with them.
Types and methods[edit]
Acupressure[edit]
Main article: Acupressure
Acupressure [from Latin acus "needle" (see acuity) + pressure (n.)[53]] is a technique similar in principle to acupuncture. It is based on the concept of life energy which flows through "meridians" in the body. In treatment, physical pressure is applied to acupuncture points with the aim of clearing blockages in those meridians. Pressure may be applied by fingers, palm, elbow, toes or with various devices.
Some medical studies have suggested that acupressure may be effective at helping manage nausea and vomiting, for helping lower back pain, tension headaches, stomach ache, among other things, although such studies have been found to have a high likelihood of bias.[54]
Ashiatsu[edit]
A licensed massage practitioner performs Ashiatsu massage.
In ashiatsu, the practitioner uses their feet to deliver treatment. The name comes from the Japanese, ashi for foot and atsu for pressure.[55] This technique typically uses the heel, sesamoid, arch, and/or whole plantar surface of foot, and offers large compression, tension and shear forces with less pressure than an elbow and is ideal for large muscles, such as in thigh, or for long-duration upper trapezius compressions.[56] Other manual therapy techniques using the feet to provide treatment include Keralite, Barefoot Lomilomi, and Chavutti Thirumal.
Ayurvedic massage[edit]
Ayurvedic massage is known as Abhyangam in Sanskrit. According to the Ayurvedic Classics Abhyangam is an important dincharya (Daily Regimen) that is needed for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The massage technique used during Ayurvedic Massage aims to stimulate the lymphatic system. Practitioners claim that the benefits of regular Ayurvedic massage include pain relief, reduction of fatigue, improved immune system and improved longevity.[57]
Burmese massage[edit]
Traditional Burmese Foot Massage at Sapel in Yangon
"Known in Myanmar as Yoe Yar Nhake Nal Chin, meaning 'traditional massage', Burmese massage has its ancient origins from Thai, Chinese and Indian medicine. It includes the use of local natural ingredients such as Thanaka which helps to promote smooth skin and prevents sunburn."[58]
Burmese massage is a full body massage technique that starts from head to toes, drawing on acupuncture, reflexology and kneading. Signature massage strokes include acupressure using the elbows, quick gentle knocking of acupressure points, and slow kneading of tight muscles. The massage aims to improve blood circulation and quality of sleep, while at the same time help to promote better skin quality.[59][60]
Biomechanical stimulation (BMS) massage[edit]
Biomechanical stimulation (BMS) is a term generally used for localised biomechanical oscillation methods, whereby local muscle groups are stimulated directly or via the associated tendons by means of special hand held mechanical vibration devices. Biomechanical oscillation therapy and training is offered in a variety of areas such as competitive sports,[61] fitness, rehabilitation,[62] medicine,[63] prevention, beauty and used to improve performance of the muscles and to improve coordination and balance. It is often used in myofascial trigger point therapy to invoke reciprocal inhibition within the musculoskeletal system. Beneficial effects from this type of stimulation have been found to exist.[64]
Biodynamic massage[edit]
Main article: Biodynamic massage
Biodynamic massage was created by Gerda Boyesen as part of Biodynamic Psychotherapy. It uses a combination of hands-on work and "energy work" and also uses a stethoscope to hear the peristalsis.[65]
Craniosacral therapy[edit]
Main article: Craniosacral therapy
Craniosacral therapy (CST) is a pseudoscience[66] that aims to improve fluid movement and cranial bone motion by applying light touch to the skull, face, spine, and pelvis.[67]
Erotic massage[edit]
Main article: Erotic massage
A type of massage that is done in an erotic way via the use of massage techniques by a person on another person's erogenous zones to achieve or enhance their sexual excitation or arousal and to achieve orgasm.
It was also once used for medical purposes as well as for the treatment of "female hysteria" and "womb disease".[68][69]
Nuru massage is a Japanese form of erotic massage.
Hammam ("Turkish bath") massage[edit]
Le massage: scène au Hammam by Edouard Debat-Ponsan (1883). An Orientalist painting depicting a massage at a hammam.
In the traditional Hammam, massage involves not just vigorous muscle kneading, but also joint cracking, "not so much a tender working of the flesh as a pummeling, a cracking of joints, a twisting of limbs..."[70] An 18th-century traveler reported:
...one of the attendants begins to press and handle the tops of the shoulders, the muscles of the arm, and successively the whole body; first gently, then by degrees increasing the pressure, till he comes to handle pretty roughly, but without giving pain. This is repeated at short intervals till the skin is perfectly softened. The attendant then taking hold of the bather's fingers, with a dexterous jerk makes each joint crack successively; after which, laying him flat on his back, and bringing the arms across the breast, the shoulder joints are made to crack in like manner.
— Alexander Russell, The Natural History of Aleppo (1756)[71]
Lomilomi and indigenous massage of Oceania[edit]
Main article: Lomilomi massage
Lomilomi is the traditional massage of Hawaii. As an indigenous practice, it varies by island and by family. The word lomilomi also is used for massage in Samoa and East Futuna. In Samoa, it is also known as lolomi and milimili. In East Futuna, it is also called milimili, fakasolosolo, amoamo, lusilusi, kinikini, fai’ua. The Māori call it romiromi and mirimiri. In Tonga massage is fotofota, tolotolo, and amoamo. In Tahiti it is rumirumi. On Nanumea in Tuvalu, massage is known as popo, pressure application is kukumi, and heat application is tutu. Massage has also been documented in Tikopia in the Solomon Islands, in Rarotonga, in Pukapuka and in Western Samoa.[72]
Lymphatic drainage[edit]
Main article: Manual lymphatic drainage
Manual lymphatic drainage is a technique used to gently work and stimulate the lymphatic system, to assist in reduction of localized swelling. The lymphatic system is a network of slow moving vessels in the body that carries cellular waste toward the liver, to be filtered and removed. Lymph also carries lymphocytes and other immune system agents. Manual lymphatic drainage claims to improve waste removal and immune function.[73][74][75]
Medical massage[edit]
Main article: Medical massage
Medical massage is a controversial term in the massage profession.[76] Many use it to describe a specific technique. Others use it to describe a general category of massage and many methods such as deep tissue massage, myofascial release and trigger-point therapy, as well as osteopathic techniques, cranial-sacral techniques and many more can be used to work with various medical conditions.[77]
Massage used in the medical field includes decongestive therapy used for lymphedema[27] which can be used in conjunction with the treatment of breast cancer. Light massage is also used in pain management and palliative care.[78] Carotid sinus massage is used to diagnose carotid sinus syncope and is sometimes useful for differentiating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) from ventricular tachycardia. It, like the valsalva maneuver, is a therapy for SVT.[79] However, it is less effective than management of SVT with medications.[80]
A 2004 systematic review found single applications of massage therapy "reduced state anxiety, blood pressure, and heart rate but not negative mood, immediate assessment of pain, and cortisol level," while "multiple applications reduced delayed assessment of pain," and found improvements in anxiety and depression similar to effects of psychotherapy.[81] A subsequent systematic review published in 2008 found that there is little evidence supporting the use of massage therapy for depression in high quality studies from randomized controlled trials.[82]
Myofascial release[edit]
Myofascial release refers to the manual massage technique that claims to release adhered fascia and muscles with the goal of eliminating pain, increasing range of motion and equilibrioception. Myofascial release usually involves applying shear compression or tension in various directions, cross fiber friction or by skin rolling.[83]
Reflexology[edit]
Reflexology, also known as "zone therapy", is an alternative medicine involving application of pressure to the feet and hands with specific thumb, finger, and hand techniques without the use of oil or lotion. It is based on a pseudoscientific[84] belief in a system of zones and reflex areas that purportedly reflect an image of the body on the feet and hands, with the premise that such work effects a physical change to the body.[85]
Shiatsu[edit]
Shiatsu (指圧) (shi meaning finger and atsu meaning pressure) is a form of Japanese bodywork based on concepts in traditional Chinese medicine such as qi meridians. It consists of finger, palm pressure, stretches, and other massage techniques. There is no convincing data available to suggest that shiatsu is an effective treatment for any medical condition.[86]
Sports massage[edit]
Sports massage is the use of specific massage therapy techniques in an athletic context to improve recovery time, enhance performance and reduce the risk of injury.[87] This is accomplished using techniques that stimulate the flow of blood and lymph to and from muscles. Sports massage is often delivered before or after physical activity depending on the subject's needs, preferences and goals. Sports massages may help with flexibility, pain and recovery but the scientific evidence is mixed.[88]
Structural Integration[edit]
Main article: Structural integration
Structural Integration's aim is to unwind the strain patterns in the body's myofascial system, restoring it to its natural balance, alignment, length and ease. This is accomplished by hands-on manipulation, coupled with movement re-education. There are about 15 schools of Structural Integration as recognized by the International Association of Structural Integration,[89] including the Dr. Ida Rolf Institute (with the brand Rolfing), Hellerwork, Guild for Structural Integration, Aston Patterning,[25] Soma,[90] and Kinesis Myofascial Integration.[91]
Swedish massage[edit]
Estonian massage therapy school teaching the Swedish classical massage technique.
The most widely recognized and commonly used category of massage is Swedish massage. The Swedish massage techniques vary from light to vigorous.[92] Swedish massage uses five styles of strokes. The five basic strokes are effleurage (sliding or gliding), petrissage (kneading), tapotement (rhythmic tapping), friction (cross fiber or with the fibers) and vibration/shaking.[93]
The development of Swedish massage is often inaccurately credited to Per Henrik Ling, though the Dutch practitioner Johann Georg Mezger applied the French terms to name the basic strokes.[94] The term "Swedish massage" is actually only recognized in English- and Dutch-speaking countries, and in Hungary and Israel. Elsewhere the style is referred to as "classic massage".
Clinical studies have found that Swedish massage can reduce chronic pain, fatigue,[95][96] joint stiffness and improve function in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.[97]
Thai massage[edit]
Thai massage
Main article: Thai massage
Known in Thailand as Nuat phaen boran, meaning "ancient/traditional massage", traditional Thai massage is generally based on a combination of Indian and Chinese traditions of medicine.
Thai massage combines both physical and energetic aspects. It is a deep, full-body massage progressing from the feet up, and focusing on sen or energy lines throughout the body, with the aim of clearing blockages in these lines, and thus stimulating the flow of blood and lymph throughout the body. It draws on yoga, acupressure and reflexology.
Thai massage is a popular massage therapy that is used for the management of conditions such as musculoskeletal pain and fatigue. Thai massage involves a number of stretching movements that improve body flexibility, joint movement and also improve blood circulation throughout the body. In one study scientists found that Thai massage showed comparable efficacy as the painkiller ibuprofen in the reduction of joint pain caused by osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.[98]
Traditional Chinese massage[edit]
Main article: Traditional Chinese medicine
Massage of Chinese Medicine is known as An Mo (按摩pinyin: Ànmó) (pressing and rubbing) or Qigong Massage and is the foundation of Japan's Anma. Categories include Pu Tong An Mo (普通按摩pinyin: Pǔtōng ànmó) (general massage), Tui Na An Mo (推拿按摩pinyin: Tuīná ànmó) (pushing and grasping massage), Dian Xue An Mo (cavity pressing massage), and Qi An Mo (氣按摩 pinyin: Qì ànmó) (energy massage). Tui na (推拿pinyin: Tuīná) focuses on pushing, stretching, and kneading muscles, and Zhi Ya(指壓pinyin: Zhǐ yā) focuses on pinching and pressing at acupressure points. Technique such as friction and vibration are used as well.[99]
Trigger point therapy[edit]
Sometimes confused with pressure point massage,[27] this involves deactivating trigger points that may cause local pain or refer pain and other sensations, such as headaches, in other parts of the body. Manual pressure, vibration, injection, or other treatment is applied to these points to relieve myofascial pain. Trigger points were first discovered and mapped by Janet G. Travell (President Kennedy's physician) and David Simons. Trigger points have been photomicrographed and measured electrically[100] and in 2007 a paper was presented showing images of Trigger Points using MRI.[101] These points relate to dysfunction in the myoneural junction, also called neuromuscular junction (NMJ), in muscle, and therefore this technique is different from reflexology acupressure and pressure point massage.
Tui na[edit]
Main article: Tui na
Tui na is a Chinese manual therapy technique that includes many different types of strokes, aimed to improve the flow of chi through the meridians.
Watsu[edit]
Main article: Watsu
Watsu, developed by Harold Dull at Harbin Hot Springs, California, is a type of aquatic bodywork performed in near-body-temperature water, and characterized by continuous support by the practitioner and gentle movement, including rocking, stretching of limbs, and massage. The technique combines hydrotherapy floating and immersion with shiatsu and other massage techniques. Watsu is used as a form of aquatic therapy for deep relaxation and other therapeutic intent. Related forms include Waterdance, Healing Dance, and Jahara technique.[102][103]
Facilities, equipment, and supplies[edit]
Massage table prepared for a massage session.
Massage tables and chairs[edit]
Specialized massage tables and chairs are used to position recipients during massages. A typical commercial massage table has an easily cleaned, heavily padded surface, and horseshoe-shaped head support that allows the client to breathe easily while lying face down and can be stationary or portable, while home versions are often lighter weight or designed to fold away easily. An orthopedic pillow or bolster can be used to correct body positioning.
Ergonomic chairs serve a similar function as a massage table. Chairs may be either stationary or portable models. Massage chairs are easier to transport than massage tables, and recipients do not need to disrobe to receive a chair massage. Due to these two factors, chair massage is often performed in settings such as corporate offices, outdoor festivals, shopping malls, and other public locations.
Warm-water therapy pools[edit]
Temperature-controlled warm-water therapy pools are used to perform aquatic bodywork.[104] For example, Watsu requires a warm-water therapy pool that is approximately chest-deep (depending on the height of the therapist) and temperature-controlled to about 35 °C (95 °F).[105]
Dry-water massage tables[edit]
A dry-water massage machine at a shopping mall in Fargo, North Dakota.
A dry-water massage table uses jets of water to perform the massage of the patient's muscles. These tables differ from a Vichy shower in that the client usually stays dry. Two common types are one in which the client lies on a waterbed-like mattress which contains warm water and jets of water and air bubbles and one in which the client lies on a foam pad and is covered by a plastic sheet and is then sprayed by jets of warm water, similar to a Vichy shower.[106] The first type is sometimes seen available for use in shopping centers for a small fee.
Vichy showers[edit]
A Vichy shower is a form of hydrotherapy that uses a series of shower nozzles that spray large quantities of water over the client while they lie in a shallow wet bed, similar to a massage table, but with drainage for the water. The nozzles may usually be adjusted for height, direction, and temperature to suit the patient's needs.
Cremes, lotions, gels, and oils[edit]
A specially created aroma massage combining technique and aromatherapy oils.
Many different types of massage cremes, lotions, gels, and oils are used to lubricate and moisturize the skin and reduce the friction between skin (hands of technician and client).[107]
Massage tools[edit]
These instruments or devices are sometimes used during massages.[108] Some tools are for use by individuals, others by the therapist.
Tools used by massage therapists[edit]
Calf massage with a bamboo massage tool.
Instrument-assisted soft-tissue massage can deploy stainless-steel devices to manipulate tissue in a way that augments hands-on work.
A body rock is a serpentine-shaped tool, usually carved out of stone. It is used to amplify the therapist' strength and focus pressure on certain areas. It can be used directly on the skin with a lubricant such as oil or corn starch or directly over clothing.
Bamboo and rosewood tools are also commonly used. They originate from practices in southeast Asia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Burma. Some of them may be heated, oiled, or wrapped in cloth.
Cupping massage is often carried out using plastic cups and a manual hand-pump to create the vacuum. The vacuum draws the soft tissue perpendicular to the skin, providing a tensile force, which can be left in one site or moved along the tissue during the massage.
Tools used by both individuals and massagers[edit]
Hand-held battery-operated massaging and vibrating instruments are available, including devices for massaging the scalp following a haircut.
Vibrating massage pads come in a range of sizes, some with the option of heating.
Vibrating massage chairs can provide an alternative for therapy at home.
There is a widespread market in erotic massage instruments, including electric dildos and vibrators such as the massage wand.[109]
Medical and therapeutic use[edit]
The main professionals that provide therapeutic massage are massage therapists, athletic trainers, physical therapists, and practitioners of many traditional Chinese and other eastern medicines. Massage practitioners work in a variety of medical settings and may travel to private residences or businesses.[27] Contraindications to massage include deep vein thrombosis, bleeding disorders, taking blood thinners such as warfarin, damaged blood vessels, or weakened bones from cancer, osteoporosis, fractures, and fever.[27]
Beneficial effects[edit]
Oil dispersion bath and brush massage
Peer-reviewed medical research has shown that the benefits of massage include pain relief, reduced trait anxiety and depression, temporarily reduced blood pressure, heart rate, and state of anxiety.[110] Additional testing has shown an immediate increase in, and expedited recovery periods for, muscle performance.[111] Theories behind what massage might do include: enhanced skeletal muscle regrowth and remodeling,[112] blocking nociception (gate control theory),[113] activating the parasympathetic nervous system (which may stimulate the release of endorphins and serotonin, preventing fibrosis[114] or scar tissue), increasing the flow of lymph, and improving sleep.[27][115]
Infant massage has been found to hold therapeutic benefits for premature infants and their parents.[116] Premature infants are susceptible to low birth weight and decreased immune function;[117] massage has been found to counter these effects, causing weight increase, reduced pain, and increased immune function.[117] Administering infant massage also reduces stress and increased oxytocin in parental figures regardless of gender, and overall improves emotional attachment with their child.[116]
Massage research is hindered from reaching the gold standard of scientific inquiry, which includes placebo-controlled and double blind clinical trials.[118][119] Developing a "sham" manual therapy for massage would be difficult since even light touch massage could have effects on a subject.[118] It would also be difficult to find a subject that would not notice that they were getting less of a massage, and it would be impossible to blind the therapist.[118] Massage research can employ randomized controlled trials, which are published in peer reviewed medical journals.[118] This type of study could increase the credibility of the profession because it displays that purported therapeutic effects are reproducible.[119]
Single-dose effects[edit]
Mechanical massage chairs
Multiple-dose effects[edit]
Neuromuscular effects[edit]
Massage has been shown to reduce neuromuscular excitability by measuring changes in the Hoffman's reflex (H-reflex) amplitude.[122] A decrease in peak-to-peak H-reflex amplitude suggests a decrease in motoneuron excitability.[123] Others explain, "H-reflex is considered to be the electrical analogue of the stretch reflex... and the reduction" is due to a decrease in spinal reflex excitability.[124] Field (2007) confirms that the inhibitory effects are due to deep tissue receptors and not superficial cutaneous receptors, as there was no decrease in H-reflex when looking at light fingertip pressure massage.[125] It has been noted that "the receptors activated during massage are specific to the muscle being massaged," as other muscles did not produce a decrease in H-reflex amplitude.[123]
Global regulation and practice[edit]
Because the art and science of massage is a globally diverse phenomenon, different legal jurisdictions sometimes recognize and license individuals with titles, while other areas do not. Examples are:
In some jurisdictions, practicing without a license is a crime. One such jurisdiction is Washington state, where any health professionals practicing without a license can be issued a fine and charged with a misdemeanor offense.[133]
Canada[edit]
Canadian massage therapist at work.
In regulated provinces massage therapists are known as Registered Massage Therapists, in Canada six provinces regulate massage therapy:[134] British Columbia, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, and New Brunswick.[135] Registered Massage Therapy in British Columbia is regulated by the College of Massage Therapists of British Columbia (CMTBC).[136] Regulated provinces have, since 2012, established inter-jurisdiction competency standards.[137][134] Quebec is not provincially regulated. Massage therapists may obtain a certification with one of the various associations operating. There is the Professional Association of Specialized Massage Therapists of Quebec, also named Mon Réseau Plus, which represents 6,300 massage therapists (including ortho therapist, natural therapists, and others), the Quebec Federation of massage therapists (FMQ), and the Association québécoise des thérapeutes naturals; however, none of these are regulated by provincial law.
Canadian educational institutions undergo a formal accreditation process through the Canadian Massage Therapy Council for Accreditation (CMTCA).
China[edit]
Most types of massage, with the exception of some traditional Chinese medicine, are not regulated in China. Although illegal in China, some of the smaller massage parlors are sometimes linked to the sex industry and the government has taken a number of measures in recent times to curb this. In a nationwide crackdown known as the yellow sweep ("Yellow" in Mandarin Chinese refers to sexual activities or pornographic content), limitations on the design and operation of massage parlors have been placed, going so far as requiring identification from customers who visit massage establishments late at night and logging their visits with the local police.[138][139]
France[edit]
France requires three years of study and two final exams in order to apply for a license.[140]
Germany[edit]
In Germany, massage is regulated by the government on a federal and national level. Only someone who has completed 3,200 hours of training (theoretical and practical) can use the professional title "Masseur und Medizinischer Bademeister" 'Masseur and Medical Spa Therapist'. This person can prolong his training depending on the length of professional experience to a Physiotherapist (1 year to 18 months additional training). The Masseur is trained in Classical Massage, Myofascial Massage, Exercise, and Movement Therapy. During the training, they will study anatomy, physiology, pathology, gynecology, podiatry, psychiatry, psychology, surgery, dermiatry, and orthopedics.[141] They are trained in Electrotherapy and Hydrotherapy. Hydrotherapy includes Kneipp, Wraps, underwater massage, therapeutic washing, Sauna, and Steambath. A small part of their training will include special forms of massage which are decided by the local college, for example, foot reflex zone massage, Thai Massage, etc. Finally, a graduate is allowed to treat patients under the direction of a doctor. Graduates are regulated by the professional body which regulates Physiotherapists. This includes restrictions on advertising and the oath of confidentiality to clients.[142]
India[edit]
In India, massage therapy is licensed by The Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India) in March 1995. Massage therapy is based on Ayurveda, the ancient medicinal system that evolved around 600 BC. In ayurveda, massage is part of a set of holistic medicinal practices, contrary to the independent massage system popular in some other systems.[143] In Siddha, Tamil traditional medicine from south India, massage is termed as "Thokkanam" and is classified into nine types, each for a specific variety of diseases.[144]
Japan[edit]
Traditional Japanese blind massage
See also: Anma
In Japan, shiatsu is regulated but oil massage and Thai massage are not. Prostitution in Japan is not heavily policed, and prostitutes posing as massage therapists in "fashion health" shops and "pink salons" are fairly common in the larger cities.[citation needed]
Myanmar[edit]
In Myanmar, massage is unregulated.[145] However, it is necessary to apply for a spa license with the government to operate a massage parlor in major cities such as Yangon. Blind and visually impaired people can become masseurs, but they are not issued licenses. There are a few professional spa training schools in Myanmar but these training centers are not accredited by the government.[citation needed]
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico massage therapists, called sobadores, combine massage using oil or lotion[146] with a form of acupuncture and faith.[147] Sobadores are used to relieve digestive system problems as well as knee and back pain.[146][147] Many of these therapists work out of the back of a truck, with just a curtain for privacy.[147] By learning additional holistic healer's skills in addition to massage, the practitioner may become a curandero.[148]
In some jurisdictions, prostitution in Mexico is legal, and prostitutes are allowed to sell sexual massages. These businesses are often confined to a specific area of the city, such as the Zona Norte in Tijuana.
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, massage is unregulated. There are two levels of registration with Massage New Zealand, the professional body for massage therapists within New Zealand, although neither of these levels are government recognized. Registration at the certified massage therapist level denotes competency in the practice of relaxation massage. Registration at the remedial massage therapist denotes competency in the practice of remedial or orthopedic massage. Both levels of registration are defined by agreed minimum competencies and minimum hours.[149]
South Africa[edit]
In South Africa, massage is regulated, but enforcement is poor. The minimum legal requirement to be able to practice as a professional massage therapist is a two-year diploma in therapeutic massage and registration with the Allied Health Professions Council of SA (AHPCSA). The qualification includes 240 credits, about 80 case studies, and about 100 hours of community service.[citation needed]
South Korea[edit]
In South Korea, only blind and visually impaired people can become licensed masseurs.[150]
Thailand[edit]
In Thailand, Thai massage is officially listed as one of the branches of traditional Thai medicine, recognized and regulated by the government. It is considered to be a medical discipline in its own right and is used for the treatment of a wide variety of ailments and conditions. Massage schools, centers, therapists, and practitioners are increasingly regulated by the Ministries of Education and Public Health in Thailand.[151][152]
United Kingdom[edit]
To practice commercial massage or massage therapy in the UK, an ITEC[153] or VTCT[154] certificate must be obtained through training which includes Beauty and Spa Therapy, Hairdressing, Complementary Therapies, Sports & Fitness Training and Customer Service.
Therapists with appropriate paperwork and insurance may join the Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council (CNHC), a voluntary, government regulated, professional register. Its key aim is to protect the public.[155]
In addition, there are many professional bodies that have a required minimum standard of education and hold relevant insurance policies including the Federation of Holistic Therapists (FHT),[156] the Complementary Therapists Association (CThA),[157] and the Complementary Health Professionals (CHP).[158] In contrast to the CNHC these bodies exist to support therapists rather than clients.
United States[edit]
A hot stone massage performed by a professional in Oxnard, California.
According to research done by the American Massage Therapy Association, as of 2012 in the United States, there are between 280,000 and 320,000 massage therapists and massage school students.[159] As of 2022, there are an estimated 872 state-approved massage training programs operating in the U.S.[160] Most states have licensing requirements that must be met before a practitioner can use the title "massage therapist", and some states and municipalities require a license to practice any form of massage. If a state does not have any massage laws then a practitioner need not apply for a license with the state. Training programs in the US are typically 500 hours to 1000 hours in total training time and can award a certificate, diploma, or degree depending on the particular school.[161] Study will often include anatomy and physiology, kinesiology, massage techniques, first aid and CPR, business, ethical and legal issues, and hands-on practice along with continuing education requirements if regulated.[27] The Commission on Massage Therapy Accreditation (COMTA) is one of the organizations that works with massage schools in the U.S. and there are almost 300 schools that are accredited through this agency.[162]
Forty-seven states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia offer some type of credential to professionals in the massage and bodywork field—usually licensure, certification or registration.[48][163][164] Forty-five states require some type of licensing for massage therapists.[48][165] There are two nationally recognized tests to gain a massage therapy license, as well as state-specific exams.[166][167] In the US, 38 states accept the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork's (NCBTMB) later unavailable certification program as a basis for granting licenses either by rule or statute.[167][168] The NCBTMB formerly offered the designation Nationally Certified in Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork (NCTMB) but as of 2024 only offers its certificate program, Board Certification in Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork (BCTMB) which does not qualify for licensure.[169][170] Forty-three states, as well as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia, accept the Massage & Bodywork Licensing Examination (MBLEx), administered by the Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards (FSMTB).[171][172] Between 10% and 20% of towns or counties independently regulate the profession.[135] These local regulations can range from prohibition on opposite sex massage, fingerprinting and venereal checks from a doctor, to prohibition on house calls because of concern regarding sale of sexual services.[135][173]
In the US, licensure is the highest level of regulation and this restricts anyone without a license from practicing massage therapy or calling themselves by that protected title. Certification allows only those who meet certain educational criteria to use the protected title and registration only requires a listing of therapists who apply and meet an educational requirement.[173] In the US, most certifications are locally based. A massage therapist may be certified, but not licensed. Licensing requirements vary per state, and often require additional criteria be met in addition to attending an accredited massage therapy school and passing a required state-specified exam. Only Kansas, Minnesota, and Wyoming, California and Vermont do not require a license or a certification at the state level.[48] Some states allow license reciprocity, where licensed massage therapists who relocate can relatively easily obtain a license in their new state.[174]
In New York State in 2024, a man was arrested and charged with three counts of third-degree Sexual Abuse and three counts of Forcible Touching, as well as New York State Education Department Law violations, for providing massage therapy services without a New York State license to do so.[175]
In 1997 there were an estimated 114 million visits to massage therapists in the US.[161] Massage therapy is the most used type of alternative medicine in hospitals in the United States.[163] Between July 2010 and July 2011 roughly 38 million adult Americans (18 percent) had a massage at least once.[176] People state that they use massage because they believe that it relieves pain from musculoskeletal injuries and other causes of pain, reduces stress and enhances relaxation, rehabilitates sports injuries, decreases feelings of anxiety and depression, and increases general well-being.[27]
In a poll of 25–35-year-olds, 79% said they would like their health insurance plan to cover massage.[51] In 2006 Duke University Health System opened up a center to integrate medical disciplines with CAM disciplines such as massage therapy and acupuncture.[177] There were 15,500 spas in the United States in 2007, with about two-thirds of the visitors being women.[165]
The number of visits rose from 91 million in 1999 to 136 million in 2003, generating a revenue that equals $11 billion.[178] Job outlook for massage therapists was also projected to grow at 20% between 2010 and 2020 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, faster than the average.[179]
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North Holland (Dutch: Noord-Holland, pronounced [ˌnoːrt ˈɦɔlɑnt] ⓘ) is a province of the Netherlands in the northwestern part of the country. It is located on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, and west of Friesland and Flevoland. As of January 2023, it had a population of about 2,952,000[3][6] and a total area of 4,092 km2 (1,580 sq mi), of which 1,429 km2 (552 sq mi) is water.
From the 9th to the 16th century, the area was an integral part of the County of Holland. During this period West Friesland was incorporated. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the area was part of the province of Holland and commonly known as the Noorderkwartier (English: "Northern Quarter"). In 1840, the province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland. In 1855, the Haarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land.
The provincial capital is Haarlem (pop. 161,265).[7] The province's largest city and also the largest city in the Netherlands is the Dutch capital Amsterdam, with a population of 862,965 as of November 2019. The King's Commissioner of North Holland is Arthur van Dijk, who has been serving since 2019. There are 45 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province. The busiest airport in the Netherlands and Europe's third-busiest airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, is in North Holland.[8]
History[edit]
National Park Duinen van Texel
Government house of North Holland province, Villa Welgelegen, in Haarlem
Emergence of a new province (1795 to 1840)[edit]
The province of North Holland as it is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813. This was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795, the old order was swept away and the Batavian Republic was established. In the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments (département) with roughly equal populations. Holland was split up into five departments named "Texel", "Amstel", "Delf", "Schelde en Maas", and "Rijn". The first three of these lay within the borders of the old Holland; the latter two were made up of parts of different provinces. In 1801 the old borders were restored when the department of Holland was created. This reorganisation had been short-lived, but it gave birth to the concept of breaking up Holland and making it a less powerful province.
In 1807, Holland was reorganised. This time the two departments were called "Amstelland" (corresponding to the modern province of North Holland) and "Maasland" (corresponding to the modern province of South Holland). This also did not last long. In 1810, all the Dutch provinces were integrated into the French Empire. Amstelland and Utrecht were amalgamated as the department of "Zuiderzee" (Zuyderzée in French) and Maasland was renamed "Monden van de Maas" (Bouches-de-la-Meuse in French).
After the defeat of the French in 1813, this organisation remained unchanged for a year or so. When the 1814 Constitution was introduced, the country was reorganised as provinces and regions (landschappen). Zuiderzee and Monden van de Maas were reunited as the province of "Holland". One of the ministers on the constitutional committee (van Maanen) suggested that the old name "Holland and West Friesland" be reintroduced to respect the feelings of the people of that region. This proposal was rejected.
However, the division was not totally reversed. When the province of Holland was re-established in 1814, it was given two governors, one for the former department of Amstelland (area that is now North Holland) and one for the former department of Maasland (now South Holland). Even though the province had been reunited, the two areas were still being treated differently in some ways and the idea of dividing Holland remained alive. During this reorganisation the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling were returned to Holland and parts of "Hollands Brabant" (including "Land of Altena") went to North Brabant. The borders with Utrecht and Gelderland were definitively set in 1820.
When the constitutional amendments were introduced in 1840, it was decided to split Holland once again, this time into two provinces called "North Holland" and "South Holland". The need for this was not felt in South Holland or in West Friesland (which feared the dominance of Amsterdam). The impetus came largely from Amsterdam, which still resented the 1838 relocation of the court of appeal to The Hague in South Holland.
Urbanisation and economic growth (1840 to today)[edit]
After the Haarlemmermeer was drained in 1855 and turned into arable land, it was made part of North Holland. In exchange, South Holland received the greater part of the municipality of Leimuiden in 1864. In 1942, the islands Vlieland and Terschelling went back to the province of Friesland. In 1950, the former island Urk was ceded to the province of Overijssel.
In February 2011, North Holland, together with the provinces of Utrecht and Flevoland, showed a desire to investigate the feasibility of a merger between the three provinces.[9] This has been positively received by the First Rutte cabinet, for the desire to create one Randstad province has already been mentioned in the coalition agreement.[10] The province of South Holland, part of the Randstad urban area, visioned to be part of the Randstad province,[11] and very much supportive of the idea of a merger into one province.[12] With or without South Holland, if created, the new province would be the largest in the Netherlands in both area and population.
Geography[edit]
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Satellite image of the North Holland, Friesland and Flevoland
Satellite image of the south of North Holland
North Holland is situated at 52°40′N 4°50′E in the northwest of the Netherlands with to the northeast the province of Friesland, to the east the province of Flevoland, to the southeast the province of Utrecht, to the southwest the province of South Holland, and to the west the North Sea.
North Holland is a broad peninsula for the most part, located between the North Sea, the Wadden Sea, the IJsselmeer, and the Markermeer. More than half of the province consists of reclaimed polder land situated below sea level. The West Frisian islands of Noorderhaaks and Texel are also part of the province. North Holland makes up a single region of the International Organization for Standardization world region code system, having the code ISO 3166-2:NL-NH.
Municipalities[edit]
See also: List of cities, towns and villages in North Holland
As of 24 March 2022, North Holland is divided into 44 municipalities (local government). After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, three islands in the Caribbean: Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius, were offered to join the province. However, the offer has been neither accepted nor rejected.
North Holland has five municipalities with 100,000 or more inhabitants. They are, in order of size, Amsterdam (in terms of population this is also the largest municipality in the Netherlands), Haarlem, Zaanstad, Haarlemmermeer and Alkmaar. Another seven municipalities have a population between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants (Hilversum, Amstelveen, Purmerend, Hoorn, Velsen, Den Helder and Dijk en Waard).
Municipalities are grouped for statistical purposes.
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Regions in North Holland[edit]
North Holland has various regions that, for historical or other reasons, have their own identities. Some of these regions are unofficial, ill-defined and sometimes overlapping. Others are official and are part of regional groupings artificially created for various administrative purposes. These regions are not the same as the municipalities.
List of some of these unofficial and official regions in North Holland:
Demographics[edit]
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About one in six Dutch people live in North Holland, which resulted in a population density over eight times the European average as of 2004.[17]
Nature[edit]
A Highland in Zuid-Kennemerland National Park
Some of the best known nature reserves in this province are:
More information about nature reserves in North Holland is available (in Dutch) on the relevant site pages of national nature conservation organisations Natuurmonumenten[18] and Staatsbosbeheer ,[19] as well as provincial organisation "Landschap Noord-Holland".[20]
Organisations and companies based in North Holland[edit]
Several international organisations such as Amnesty International[21] have settled the head office of their Netherlands branch in the province and particularly in Amsterdam; the international head office of Greenpeace is located in the city.[22] Other companies based in the Netherlands' capital include Akzo Nobel, Heineken International, ING Group, ABN AMRO, TomTom, Delta Lloyd Group, Booking.com and Philips. Randstad NV is headquartered in Diemen[23] while KPMG and KLM operate from Amstelveen.[24][25]
Several national nature friendly organisations like Milieudefensie, the national "Union of vegetarians",[26] the "Vissenbescherming" (Fish protection foundation)[27] and the Party for the Animals as well have their head office in North Holland.
Explore the transformative journey of tantra, blending spiritual, emotional, and physical benefits. Discover local services for safe exploration, personal growth, and community connection.
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Local tantric services often offer a variety of practices. This diversity allows you to explore different aspects of tantra and find what resonates with you.
Tantra is rooted in principles that emphasize connection and awareness.
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Tantric practices are often misunderstood. One common misconception is that tantra is solely about sexuality. While tantra does address sexual energy, it encompasses much more. It is a holistic practice that includes meditation, yoga, and spiritual exploration. Its primary focus is on connection and awareness. Another misconception is that tantra is a religion. In reality, tantra is a spiritual practice that can complement any belief system. It does not require adherence to specific religious doctrines. Some people believe that tantra is only for couples. While tantra can enhance relationships, it is also a personal journey. Individuals can practice tantra to deepen their self-awareness and spiritual growth. There is also a misconception that tantra is esoteric or inaccessible. In truth, tantra offers practical tools and techniques that anyone can learn. It is about personal exploration and growth, accessible to all who are interested. Addressing these misconceptions can lead to a clearer understanding of tantra. It is a rich and diverse practice that offers numerous benefits beyond common stereotypes.
Tantra plays a significant role in spiritual growth. It encourages exploration of the self and the universe. This exploration can lead to deeper understanding and spiritual fulfillment. Tantra provides tools and practices that promote spiritual awareness and connection. In community settings, tantra fosters connection and unity. It encourages individuals to see themselves as part of a larger whole. This perspective can lead to empathy and understanding, strengthening community bonds. Tantric practices often involve group activities or rituals. These shared experiences can create a sense of belonging and shared purpose. They provide opportunities for individuals to connect with others on a deeper level. The principles of tantra, such as respect and consent, also contribute to positive community interactions.
Preparing for your first tantric session can enhance your experience. Start by researching the practitioner and their approach. Understanding their methods can help you feel more comfortable and informed. Before the session, take time to relax and clear your mind. Mind-body connection This can involve meditation, deep breathing, or simply taking a moment of quiet reflection. Arriving with a calm and open mind can enhance your experience. Tantra session Netherlands During the session, expect to engage in various practices. These may include meditation, breathwork, or gentle movement. The practitioner will guide you through these practices, offering support and instruction. It's important to communicate openly with the practitioner. Share any concerns or questions you may have. A reputable practitioner will prioritize your comfort and safety. After the session, take time to reflect on your experience. Journaling or quiet contemplation can help you process any insights or emotions that arise. Remember that tantra is a personal journey, and each session may offer different experiences and insights.
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Discover the transformative power of Tantra, a spiritual practice that harmonizes mind, body, and spirit. Explore its principles for personal growth, mindfulness, and inner peace. Tantra is often misunderstood and shrouded in mystery. At its core, Tantra is a spiritual practice that seeks to harmonize the mind, body, and spirit. It is not just about physical intimacy, as many believe, but rather a holistic approach to life. Tantra encourages self-awareness, mindfulness, and a deeper connection with oneself and others. It is about embracing life in its entirety, recognizing the divine in every aspect of existence. By practicing Tantra, individuals can achieve a state of inner peace and balance, leading to a more fulfilling life. This ancient practice has been around for centuries, offering wisdom and guidance to those seeking personal growth and transformation. Whether you're new to Tantra or have some experience, understanding its principles can open doors to new levels of consciousness and well-being. Let's delve deeper into the world of Tantra and explore its many facets.
Tantra is a spiritual tradition that originated in India. It encompasses a wide range of practices and beliefs aimed at achieving spiritual enlightenment and personal growth. At its core, Tantra is about recognizing the interconnectedness of all things and finding harmony within oneself.
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Practicing Tantra offers numerous benefits for personal growth. It encourages self-awareness and mindfulness, helping individuals connect with their true selves. By embracing the principles of Tantra, one can achieve a deeper understanding of their desires, fears, and motivations. Tantra promotes emotional healing and balance. It teaches individuals to accept and integrate all aspects of themselves, leading to greater self-acceptance and confidence. This holistic approach fosters personal growth by encouraging individuals to confront and release limiting beliefs and patterns. Through Tantra, individuals can enhance their relationships. By cultivating a deeper connection with oneself, one can form more meaningful and authentic connections with others. Tantra emphasizes the importance of communication, empathy, and understanding in relationships. Tantra also encourages spiritual growth. It provides tools and practices for connecting with the divine and experiencing a sense of oneness with the universe. This spiritual connection can lead to profound insights and a greater sense of purpose in life. Overall, Tantra offers a path to personal growth by promoting self-awareness, emotional balance, and spiritual connection. It empowers individuals to live authentically and embrace their true potential.
Tantra is often misunderstood, leading to several misconceptions about its practices. One common misconception is that Tantra is solely about sexual practices. While Tantra does include teachings on sexuality, it is not the primary focus. Tantra is a holistic spiritual practice that encompasses meditation, breathwork, and mindfulness. Another misconception is that Tantra is a religion. In reality, Tantra is a spiritual tradition that can complement any religious or spiritual belief system. It is not confined to any specific dogma or set of beliefs. Some people believe that Tantra is only for couples. While Tantra can enhance relationships, it is also a personal journey. Individuals can practice Tantra to achieve personal growth and spiritual enlightenment, regardless of their relationship status. There is also a misconception that Tantra is esoteric and inaccessible. While some Tantric practices can be complex, many are simple and accessible to beginners. Tantra is about embracing life in its entirety, and its teachings can be applied to everyday life. Understanding these misconceptions can help individuals approach Tantra with an open mind and a clearer understanding of its true essence.
Tantra is unique in its approach to spirituality. Unlike many spiritual practices that emphasize asceticism and renunciation, Tantra embraces the material world. It teaches that spiritual enlightenment can be achieved through the senses and everyday experiences. Tantra emphasizes the integration of the masculine and feminine energies within. This balance is essential for achieving inner harmony and spiritual growth. Other spiritual practices may focus on transcending dualities, while Tantra seeks to embrace and harmonize them. Another distinguishing feature of Tantra is its focus on the body as a vehicle for spiritual growth. It incorporates physical practices, such as yoga and breathwork, to connect with the divine. This holistic approach sets Tantra apart from practices that prioritize the mind or spirit over the body. Tantra also places a strong emphasis on personal experience and direct realization. It encourages individuals to explore their own path to enlightenment, rather than adhering to rigid doctrines or beliefs. Overall, Tantra's unique approach to spirituality makes it a powerful tool for personal growth and transformation. Its emphasis on integration, balance, and personal experience sets it apart from other spiritual practices.
Meditation plays a crucial role in Tantric practices. It is a tool for achieving mindfulness and self-awareness, essential components of Tantra. Through meditation, individuals can quiet the mind and connect with their inner selves. Tantric meditation often involves visualization and mantra repetition. These techniques help focus the mind and cultivate a deeper connection with the divine. Visualization can involve imagining energy flowing through the body, while mantras are sacred sounds or phrases that aid concentration. Breathwork is another important aspect of Tantric meditation. By focusing on the breath, individuals can achieve a state of relaxation and heightened awareness. This practice helps release tension and promotes emotional balance. Meditation in Tantra is not just about sitting in silence. It is an active process of exploring the inner landscape and connecting with the universe. Through regular practice, individuals can achieve a state of inner peace and harmony. Overall, meditation is a vital component of Tantric practices. It provides a foundation for self-awareness, emotional balance, and spiritual growth. By incorporating meditation into their daily routine, individuals can experience the transformative power of Tantra.
Tantra and mindfulness are deeply interconnected. Both practices emphasize living in the present moment and cultivating self-awareness. In Tantra, mindfulness is a key component for achieving inner harmony and spiritual growth. Mindfulness in Tantra involves being fully present in each moment, whether during meditation, physical practices, or daily activities. It encourages individuals to observe their thoughts and emotions without judgment, fostering a deeper understanding of themselves. Tantric practices, such as meditation and breathwork, enhance mindfulness by promoting focus and concentration. These practices help individuals become more attuned to their inner experiences and the world around them. By integrating mindfulness into their lives, individuals can experience greater emotional balance and clarity. This awareness allows them to respond to situations with compassion and understanding, rather than reacting impulsively. The connection between Tantra and mindfulness lies in their shared goal of self-awareness and personal growth. Both practices encourage individuals to embrace life fully and live authentically. By cultivating mindfulness, individuals can experience the transformative power of Tantra and achieve lasting harmony.
Preparing for a session with a Tantric practitioner involves several steps. First, it's essential to approach the session with an open mind and a willingness to learn. Tantra is a personal journey, and being receptive to new experiences is crucial. Before the session, take some time to reflect on your intentions and goals. Consider what you hope to achieve through Tantra and any specific areas you'd like to explore. Communicate these intentions with your practitioner to ensure a tailored experience.
Tantra has a profound impact on emotional well-being. By promoting self-awareness and mindfulness, Tantra helps individuals understand and process their emotions. This awareness leads to greater emotional balance and resilience. Through Tantric practices, individuals learn to embrace all aspects of themselves, including their emotions. This acceptance fosters self-compassion and reduces self-judgment, leading to improved emotional health. Tantra also encourages individuals to release limiting beliefs and patterns that contribute to emotional distress. By confronting and transforming these patterns, individuals can experience greater emotional freedom and well-being. The emphasis on mindfulness in Tantra helps individuals respond to emotions with clarity and understanding. This awareness allows them to navigate challenging situations with grace and composure, reducing stress and anxiety. Overall, Tantra offers a holistic approach to emotional well-being. By cultivating self-awareness, acceptance, and mindfulness, individuals can achieve greater emotional balance and resilience. This emotional harmony is reflected in their relationships, work, and overall quality of life.
Integrating Tantra into daily life involves embracing its principles and practices consistently. Start by incorporating mindfulness into your routine. Practice being present in each moment, whether during meditation, work, or leisure activities. Regular meditation and breathwork can enhance your connection with your inner self and the universe. Set aside time each day for these practices to cultivate inner peace and balance. Embrace the Tantric principle of balance by harmonizing the masculine and feminine energies within. This balance can be reflected in your actions, decisions, and interactions with others. Tantra also encourages self-awareness and personal growth. Take time to reflect on your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Tantra offers a path to inner harmony and personal growth. By embracing its principles, individuals can achieve a deeper connection with themselves and the universe. Tantra promotes self-awareness, mindfulness, and emotional balance. It encourages individuals to live authentically and embrace life fully. Somatic healing Through regular practice, Tantra can transform one's life, leading to greater fulfillment and well-being.
A session typically includes breathwork, guided touch, energy flow practices, and sometimes emotional release work, all based on your comfort and boundaries.
No. Tantric massage includes elements of sensuality, mindfulness, and energy healing, unlike traditional massage focused solely on muscle relief.
Tantric therapy is a holistic practice that combines breathwork, meditation, and energy work to promote emotional healing, intimacy, and personal growth.
Wear comfortable clothes, set an intention, and avoid heavy meals. Open communication with the practitioner is essential.
Tantric therapy is not inherently sexual. While it may explore intimacy and body awareness, it is rooted in spiritual and emotional healing.
